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5 Easy Steps for Teaching the Present Perfect & the Present Perfect Progressive

July 6, 2012

Note

We updated this blog post in November 2016. See Present Perfect: Two Uses and Present Perfect Vs. Present Progressive for new charts and tips.

What do you do when textbook grammar presentations just don’t cut it? The present perfect is a confusing verb tense for ESL learners. Students get confused about when to use it versus when to use the simple past, and also when to use it versus the present perfect progressive (also known as the present perfect continuous).

Unfortunately, most of the textbooks I’ve come across don’t explain all the uses clearly. The result is that students can conjugate verbs into the blanks provided in textbook exercises, but they flounder in real life when they have to choose which tense to use.

In other words, when it comes time to choose between the simple past, present perfect, and present perfect progressive (for example, when speaking, writing, or doing a test like the TOEIC), students struggle. That’s why I started to present all three tenses at once in my TOEIC classes, and gradually started to use this method for other general classes, too, with successful results. I hope it will help your students as well!

Step #1

Present Perfect

Start by telling your students that there are two uses of the present perfect (most students are not even aware of this). Point out that diagram A indicates a finished past action. Diagram B shows an action that started in the past, continued to the present, and may continue into the future.

Diagrams A and B

A) I have been to Paris.

B) I have lived in Vancouver for two years.

Step #2

Present Perfect Vs. Simple Past

Next, focus on the first use of the present perfect (from diagram A). Help your students understand when they can use this finished past action by comparing it to the simple past’s finished past action. Explain that we use the simple past tense when we want to communicate when we did something, as in diagram C. We use the present perfect tense when we don’t want to indicate the time, either because we don’t know it or it isn’t important, as in diagram D.

Diagrams C and D

C) I went to Paris last month.

D) I have been to Paris.

Step #3

Time Markers for the Present Perfect & Simple Past

At this point, I find it useful to point out the time markers that are associated with these verb tenses. Time markers are words that indicate the time when an action is performed, and they will help students both to recognize which verbs to use in exercises and to produce natural language. I usually get the students to brainstorm these words as a class. Here are the most common time markers for these tenses:

  • Time markers for the simple past: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last, ago, when (for joining two past sentences)
  • Time markers for the present perfect (as in diagrams A and D): usually, no time marker is used, but for emphasis, it is possible to use already*, yet*, still*, ever, never
*Note

Here is a quick note about already, yet, and still. These three adverbs are very common, so it’s a good idea to teach them along with the present perfect, though you could teach them in a separate lesson if you think your students’ heads will explode from all this information.

Already (used to emphasize that an action has been accomplished in the past) follows the normal pattern of Verb + Adverb + Verb, as in I have already read that book.

Yet (used to signify the intention to do something) follows an unusual pattern. You use yet at the end of a sentence, and the verb must be negative, as in I haven’t read that book yet.

Still (like yet, it is used to signify the intention to do something) also follows an unusual pattern. You use still before both parts of the verb, and the verb must be negative, as in I still haven’t read that book.

Be careful that students don’t get confused with the other use of still (used to emphasize an ongoing action), which is commonly used with a positive verb and the present progressive tense, as in I am still waiting for your call. No wonder English is difficult to learn!

Step #4

Present Perfect Vs. Present Perfect Progressive

Finally, focus on the second use of the present perfect (from diagram B). Explain to students that for this use, the present perfect and the present perfect progressive are pretty much interchangeable. Basically, the present perfect shows an action that starts in the past, continues to the present, and may continue into the future.

For example, in diagram E, the emphasis is on the two months I have lived in Vancouver. I might be moving to another city tomorrow, or I might continue living in Vancouver for many more years. The future is not really important in this case; if it is important, that’s when the present perfect progressive should be used instead.

The present perfect progressive shows an action that starts in the past, continues to the present, and will definitely continue into the future. In diagram F, it is clear that I have lived in Vancouver for two months, but also that I am not leaving and will continue to live here for an unspecified amount of time.

I also point out to students that when in doubt, use the present perfect since it is more commonly used.

Diagrams E and F

E) I have lived in Vancouver for two months.

F) I have been living in Vancouver for two months.

Step #5

Time Markers for the Present Perfect & Present Perfect Progressive

Now, you can point out the time markers for these two tenses:

  • Time markers for the present perfect (as in diagrams B and E): for**, since**
  • Time markers for the present perfect progressive: for**, since**, all (as in all morning, all week, etc.)
**Note

I also explain to my students that for is used to show the duration of the continuing action, while since is used to show the starting point of the continuing action.

Of course, there are other cases and exceptions to these basic rules (for example, It has been raining can indicate that the rain recently stopped, which is technically a finished past action), but I believe there’s no need to completely overwhelm your students. I suggest dealing with exceptions on a case‑by‑case basis if they come up in the lesson.

For lessons on the present perfect and the present perfect progressive, check out ESL Library’s Grammar Practice Worksheets section. Check out our Grammar Stories section too.

Enjoy presenting and perfecting!

Tanya

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Comments (63)

Taruna (Guest)

Thanks for making understand Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive in such a easy way.

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    Ananya Mistr(Guest)

    Yes

    Taruna (Guest)

    thanks for making it simple to understand.

    Reply to Comment

    Heroe (Guest)

    This is so funny and informative! I'm a wrintig tutor. I work with a lot of ESL students and I'm just starting to learn about teaching and tutoring ESL and really dissecting my own language to view it from an outside perspective. I wouldn't have known how to explain that type of mistake to a student, but now I do! Thanks!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Heroe,

    I'm so glad you liked it! Isn't it funny how we don't know truly understand the mechanics of our own language until we start teaching it to others? Sometimes I ask my friends, 'Do you know what the present perfect is?' and they haven't got a clue! :)

    C-mohmaed C.(Teacher)

    Thumbs up Tanya. You made it clear and simple. Thanks for that. Native speakers are unaware of the workings of their language until they read about Chomsky's linguistics

    Azadeh (Guest)

    Great post Tanya. Being innovative has become a major factor in every task and is rather expected in all the businesses. apparently it is more needed in teaching.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    I agree, Azadeh! It's always great to learn new ways to approach familiar things. :)

    samaneh (Guest)

    great post tanya: we should be innovative about everything esp in teaching ,,it is the best way of method of teaching this grammer point we should put ourself in studentds shoes :)

    Reply to Comment

    Dave Hopkins(Guest)

    Hi there

    I used your little system of diagrams yesterday to revise the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous to a group of Upper Intermediate students. One of them commented that he'd never fully understood the difference between the simple past and the present perfect before . . . until I'd explained it using your ideas. So - thanks very much for posting your ideas up. They worked perfectly.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Dave,

    Thanks so much for sharing this. I'm always happy to hear that students really 'get' a grammar point!

    Tanya :)

    Rhiannon (Guest)

    This is really useful and I will definitely be using it for my class next week! Thanks.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Rhiannon,

    Thank you! I hope your students find it helpful.

    yasi (Guest)

    thanks for sharing...but you said we dont have time makers in present perfect. why we have it in example (E)?

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Yasi,

    Thanks for your question. Don't forget that there are two uses of the present progressive. One use has no time markers (image D). This is when it's a FINISHED past action. (Example: I have seen that movie.) You can use a word like 'already' or 'yet' for emphasis, but you don't have to.

    The second use has time markers (image E). This is when it's a CONTINUING action from the past to the present. (Example: I have lived in Canada since I was six years old.) You need to use a time marker like 'for' or 'since' to indicate the duration or starting point of the continuing past action.

    Hope that helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
    Tanya

    Giselle (Guest)

    Dear Tanya: You said:'... there are two uses of the present progressive. One use has no time markers (image D). This is when it’s a FINISHED past action. (Example: I have seen that movie.) But I'm confused, I have seen is not the present perfect? Why you wrote that this is one use of the PPProgressive?? The second use you mentioned is the PPPerfect too or I'm wrong?? Thanks for all!:B

    David Portugheis(Guest)

    Amazing, thank you so much! This excellent explanation will definitely improve my teaching skills :)

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    I'm happy to hear it! Thanks for taking the time to comment, David! :)

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    I just realized I missed seeing some comments from last year. Taruna, esl jobs, and samaneh, thanks for your comments! And samaneh, I definitely agree that we should always try to put ourselves in our students' shoes. One thing that made me a much better teacher was learning a second language myself. :)

    Reply to Comment

    Lizzie (Guest)

    Thank you for all clear explanations, I'll use these tips and your diagrams in my classroom.
    Do you have any idea for presentation part? I am trying to design materials to introduce this subject by eliciting, but as an inexperienced teacher, I can not decide what to do.. A foreign language and I want them to discover it as much as possible.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Lizzie,

    A natural way to elicit the present perfect vs. the simple past in diagrams C and D might be to have a Question and Answer session with your students. You could do it as a class or in pairs, either orally or via written questions on the board. I'd start with a present perfect question such as 'Have you ever been to Paris?' When a student answers 'Yes, I have', you could follow up with a past question such as 'Really? When did you go?' This will emphasize the present perfect/no time marker and simple past/time marker difference. Another example is 'Have you graduated from university?' and 'When did you graduate?' Try to come up with about 10-15 questions. Personally, I'd do the first two with the class, and the next 8 in pairs or small groups. Your students will probably naturally use the verb tenses without realizing it. Follow this up with the grammar presentation using the diagrams and tips above. Hope that helps!

    Good luck! :)

    Rebecca H.(Teacher)

    I have been avoiding teaching Present Perfect to my students because...well, it's a difficult tense for students to wrap their brain around. The other day, I planned a clear and concise grammar class with clear explanations of uses, form, and marker sentences. Should have gone off without a hitch! Alas, what I thought was going to be a really great class turned out to be an OK class...maybe a mediocre class. Even with my well thought out plan, I couldn't make them understand.

    I went back to the drawing board and found your blog with the timelines and simple explanations. It was EXACTLY what I needed and EXACTLY what my students needed. I re-wrote my grammar lesson, presented it tonight and all of them said 'Now I understand!!' AHHHHHHHHH Thank you!!! You saved my class....and as a result, I signed up for a subscription to this website. Tanya, You deserve a bonus!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Rebecca, you just made my day! Thanks for taking the time to let me know that this lesson worked for your class. I'm so happy to hear it! :D

    munir (Guest)

    Hi Tanya very nice explanation and simple for present perfect and I will use it for my next lesson, which is next week. I need help regarding the countable and uncountable nouns and how to present it to group of pre intermediate students. I will really appreciate if you can help me regarding this, as I am a newly qualified teacher. Thank you in advance.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Thank you, Munir! Good luck with your lesson. Count and non-count nouns are tricky for lower-level students, but I have some ideas on how to explain them to your class! I'll blog about this as soon as I can. Thanks for the idea! :)

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi again Munir, I blogged about Count & Non-Count Nouns today over on our sister site, SproutEnglish.com. I included grammar presentation tips, a chart of common non-count nouns, and a printable exercise sheet. Hope that helps! :)
    http://bit.ly/NonCountNouns

    Giselle (Guest)

    Dear Tanya, I am using this simple explanation, but I have a little doubt: When i looked on Present Perfect but with time expressions, i found a video in which a teacher said, that the present perfect is focused on the TIME that the action happened. The time is not finished and the action is finished or not started. For example: 'I have eaten breakfast today'(Today is important in the present perfect)
    So, I confused, since I red that in the present perfect is not important when?? Thanks for your help:)

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Giselle

    Good question. Your example (I have eaten breakfast today) refers to example D above, when the time is not important. Because your sentence includes 'today', I can see why you're confused!

    First, be aware that 'today' is not so important because the sentence is perfectly grammatical without it (I have eaten breakfast). In a simple past example, you must include the time marker (or it must be mentioned at some point in the conversation).

    Second, if you were referring to a specific time, you would have to use the simple past (I ate breakfast at 6 am / I ate breakfast this morning).

    Third, the problem with a word like 'today' is that it is vague. You could be thinking of 'today' as a specific time and say 'I ate breakfast today', or you could be thinking of it as unspecified time and say 'I have eaten breakfast today'. In the present perfect example, you're saying you have eaten breakfast at some point today, but you didn't say exactly when (6 am, or in the morning). It is even possible to say 'I have eaten breakfast this morning' because you didn't say exactly when (at 6 am, at 7 am, etc.).

    So it depends how specific you're making your time reference. My advice is to not go into all of this with your students because it can be confusing, and only explain it if it comes up (if the textbook has that kind of example). Usually, in a sentence like D, we don't include a time marker, though it is possible to include an 'unspecified' one.

    Hope that helps,
    Tanya :)

    Jimmy (Guest)

    Hi Tanya,

    I found this interesting and you seem to have put together a nice site (I'll definitely visit again ^^)

    However, I'm a little unsure of the explanation given to the difference between the present perfect and the present perfect continuous. In the example given, I would say that 'I have lived in Vancouver for two months' suggests greater future certainty than that of 'I have been living in Vancouver for two months'. As far as I understand, the present perfect tense is favored for more permanent situations (as in s/he is less likely to leave Vancouver) and the present perfect continuous is more commonly used for temporary situations (as in s/he is more likely to leave Vancouver in the (near) future).

    As far as I know, the main difference between the two tenses are;

    finished vs unfinished

    I've read The Lord of the Rings vs I've been reading The Lord of the Rings

    how many/much/often vs how long

    I have read 10 books vs I have been reading a book for 2 hours

    permanent vs temporary

    I have lived in London for 10 years vs I've been living in Spain for 6 months.

    So, I would say that the present perfect continuous only suggests greater future certainty than the present perfect when the latter is finished (and therefore can't be continued into the future) and not when the action is unfinished (as in the Vancouver example).

    All the best.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Jimmy,

    Thanks for your comment! Great points. We are definitely in agreement with the finished/unfinished actions (which also includes your how many/much/often vs. how long, in my opinion). As for permanent vs. temporary, I haven't heard it explained in those terms before, but it makes sense! I still think that when you use the present perfect, it's possible that the action could end in the near future (e.g., I've lived in Vancouver for 10 years, but I'm moving next month.) However, native speakers usually prefer the shorter form of a verb tense, and I too would choose 'I've lived in Vancouver for 10 years' over 'I've been living in Vancouver for 10 years' if I wasn't planning on moving. I think the only reason to use the present perfect progressive for a permanent situation is to emphasize that you'll be staying (such as during a job interview when you want to assure the employer that you won't be going anywhere). Using the present perfect progressive to indicate that the action is temporary is a new concept for me, but your examples make sense so it's something I will look into further! Thanks for bringing it to my attention.

    Tanya :)

    Giselle (Guest)

    Dear Tanya:
    I have smoked 10 cigarettes.
    I have eaten 40 cookies.
    I have made 110 salads.

    All are ok? Is it possible NO use of TIME MARKERS in the examples? I heared that with quantities there is a rule? This confuses me, but this makes me study more and soon, I'll be a master like you hihihihi :D Thanks!!

    PD: The same with the PPProgressive:

    I have been smoking 10 cigarettes.-I have been eating 40 cookies-I have been making 110 salads. (Possible NO TIME MARKERS? AND MEANS i continue the action! I learn quickly hihii):)
    I have been eating 40 cookies.(I c

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Giselle,

    Good question. Your examples above are possible, but using quantities without a context sounds a little strange. Usually you would use the simple past if you were finished doing the action (e.g., I smoked 10 cigarettes yesterday) or the present perfect if you were planning on continuing the action (e.g., I have smoked 10 cigarettes since 9 am).

    A single action is a lot more common (e.g., I have been to Paris). We can use the present perfect with a repeated past action (e.g., I have seen that movie ten times / I have made this salad many times) but just remember that you're emphasizing how many times you've done something in your whole life. It is strange to say 'I have smoked 10 cigarettes' unless you've only smoked 10 cigarettes in your entire life.

    As for the present perfect progressive, no, we can't use quantities with it. It's not correct to say 'I have been smoking 10 cigarettes.' Instead, you could say something like 'I have been smoking since 9 am.'

    Hope that helps! I'm glad you're studying this so hard! Keep up the good work. :)

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi again Giselle,

    I recently blogged about the Present Perfect over on our sister site, Sprout English. I encourage you to study the chart and notes, and then try the exercise. Good luck! :)
    http://bit.ly/PresPerf

    Isabelle (Guest)

    Present perfect simple, you focus on the result of the action.
    Present perfect continuous, you focus on the duration of the action.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Great way to think of it. Thanks, Isabelle!

    Chean (Guest)

    Thanks so much.It helps me a lot in answering my answer sheets. God Bless Tanya.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    I'm happy to hear it! Thanks, Chean.

    Jenny H.(Teacher)

    Thanks. A lot of help.
    Do you have flashcards for participles? I'm working with students with Dyslexia and besides, they are second language learners. A lot of extra help and materials needed. See if the site can help?
    Thanks in Advance.
    Jenny

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Jenny,

    We have flashcards for past participles here: https://ellii.com/resources/2247
    and a past participle verb list here: https://ellii.com/resources/2275

    You can also see our updated present perfect blog post here: https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/03/present-perfect-two-uses/
    and our updated present perfect progressive post will be available tomorrow (Nov 10). These new posts contain new charts that are easier to read.

    We have verb flashcards with images in the base form (you could use them to quiz students on the past participle form): https://ellii.com/flashcard_genres/4/flashcard_categories/4

    If you're not a member, we do have free verb cards on our sister site, Sprout English: http://blog.sproutenglish.com/3-fun-ways-to-use-irregular-verb-cards/
    (They don't have the past participle forms, but you can use the base or past forms to quiz students on the p.p. forms, or use the blank cards to make your own.)

    Ideas for using flashcards in class can be found here: http://bit.ly/9CardUses
    and see some irregular verb activities in this post: http://bit.ly/IrregularVerbFun

    Hope that helps!
    Tanya

    Shrouk H.(Teacher)

    Actually, I'm going to explain this lesson next week and it was so confusing for me as well! how can I deliver all of this info, clear that confusion related to the usages and time markers,responding to the questions!!! but reading this blog made my day ^_^ thank you and I'll feedback you next week after the class. Btw I'm newly qualified teacher , so wish me luck :D

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Best of luck to you! Glad you found this post helpful. Did you see the new, updated versions of this blog post? They have better charts!

    1. Present Perfect: Two Uses https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/03/present-perfect-two-uses/
    2. Present Perfect Vs. Present Perfect Progressive https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/10/present-perfect-vs-present-perfect-progressive/

    And yes, please let me know how your class went! I'm sure you'll do great. :)

    caroline (Guest)

    Thanks a lot for sharing this. I am confused by the Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive chart, however.
    https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/10/present-perfect-vs-present-perfect-progressive/

    Why does the chart make it seem like only the PPP gets used for use #2 (to show an action that started in the past, continued to the present, and might continue to the future)? The present perfect also gets used for this use as they are pretty interchangeable? The chart makes it seem like only the PPC is used in this way. Can you please clarify? Everything else was great and helped me teach it, so thank you again.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Caroline,

    I think maybe you were only looking at the first chart, which is designed to show students how the PP can be used for a finished past action, whereas the PPP can never be used this way. The second chart shows how the PP and PPP are interchangeable for a continuing action.

    I tried to divide it into 'shorter' and 'longer' time frames so that students could see that there are some cases when only the PPP should be used and others where either the PP or PPP can be used. Check out the 'Longer Time Frames' box at the bottom of the second chart, and let me know if it's still unclear. It was challenging to get all the uses into a chart form!

    Jane S.(Teacher)

    Nice presentation, Tanya!!
    But I've found that even the best explanations are still confusing for students of Italian, German or Russian origin (the latter have only 3 tenses!!). No matter how clear the explanations are, they make little impact on people whose mother tongues make no such distinctions. The subtle difference between 'I have been to Corsica' and 'I once visited a friend in Corsica' might be clear to a native speaker of English, but to foreign speakers it makes little sense, because there is no framework for such subtleties in their native tongues.
    The best thing we can do is simply expose our students to plenty of examples in 'real' English, English in context, rather than isolated, stand-alone sentences. Plenty of authentic listening and reading material, rather than carefully constructed sentences. I have seen very, very few foreigners who have successfully mastered the use of these 3 tenses!!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi Jane,

    Thank you. These are tough tenses for sure! Your points about incorporating authentic materials and showing students as many examples as possible are great. Thanks for sharing!

    Becky (Guest)

    You are right. However, knowing the rules really helps. You understand better when someone corrects you. Exposure is essential but a solid knowledge of grammar leads to becoming an advanced and confident speaker of a language

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    I agree, Becky. A combination of exposure and explanation seems to work best for my students.

    EL FEZZAZI(Guest)

    Thanks a lot, it serves the purpose.

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    You're welcome!

    Nawab khan(Guest)

    I am so glad to see. This is so informative !
    You have eliminated our confusion, very well Elaborated ...
    Thanks Tanya

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Thank you for your comment, Nawab!

    Naghme (Guest)

    Thanks?

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    You're welcome, Naghme!

    Masoome (Guest)

    thanks for amazing explanation but I watched a YouTube video comparing present perfect and present perfect continuous; the teacher explained that using present perfect continuous is more common than present perfect

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    You're welcome, Masoome. Just be aware that the teacher in the video might have been referring to only one specific instance of the present perfect/present perfect progressive and might not have been covering all instances. Here are two updated posts you could also look at: https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/03/present-perfect-two-uses/ and https://blog.ellii.com/2016/11/10/present-perfect-vs-present-perfect-progressive/.

    Bathrobe (Guest)

    Where does 'But he still did it!' fit in?

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    Hi, great question. Your example involves yet another meaning of 'still'! In that case ('But he still did it!'), still means 'in spite of.' We use it when the result is unexpected (e.g., 'Everyone told him not to go skydiving because it was dangerous. But he still did it!').

    This meaning of 'still' is different from the intention and ongoing meanings, and you can use it with almost any tense. See a list for the many meanings of 'still' here: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/still

    Yasmine Marques(Guest)

    Thanks a lot!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    You're welcome, Yasmine!

    Yasmin G.(Teacher)

    AMAZING! Thank you so so so much for this!!!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    It's my pleasure, Yasmin! So happy you found it useful.

    Veronica P.(Teacher)

    What a nice explanation! Thank you so so much!

    Reply to Comment

    Tanya Trusler(Author)

    You're most welcome, Veronica! I'm glad you enjoyed it.

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